ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: The Power of the 6th Element
Have you ever wondered why there are such elements that are created synthetically? Have you ever asked yourself why there are such compounds containing mainly of two or more elements and are arranged in a chain-like manner? Have you ever thought of why there are certain compounds that are flammable? And some that does not dissolve in water? Have you ever considered researching what our DNA is made of and to where it is classified to? All of these questions and more will be answered in this selection. LET US ALL FIND THEIR ANSWERS.
The general answer for this question is Organic Chemistry. Organic Chemistry is the study of the properties, structure, composition, and reaction of carbon based compounds, hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives. Organic compounds are formed by covalent bonding. Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen, although there are some elements that are involved, it is the carbon-hydrogen bonds that are the basis of organic compounds.
You can easily identify organic compounds because they show off properties which will be discussed in this paragraph. First, Organic compounds are generally hydrophobic, this means that almost all of the organic compounds does not mix or dissolves in water or polar solvents. They are easily dissolved in non-polar solvent. An example is moth ball. Moth balls do not dissolve in water but they dissolve in non-polar solvent (e.g. acetone.) Second, organic compounds typically melt, or react with fire, and they have low boiling points. For example we have sugar and table salt. Sugar is an organic compound and table salt is an inorganic compound. If both have contact with heat, sugar will easily be melted first than table salt and sugar reacted with fire forming a black substance.
There are groups in Organic chemistry. First we have the Hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons consist of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. They all contain a carbon backbone, and are called the carbon skeleton. Second are the hydrocarbon derivative, just like hydrocarbons it contains carbon and hydrogen atoms, but there are additional elements, Cl, F, Br, and etc are examples of the elements which are attached to the hydrocarbons. Under the hydrocarbons we have the Aliphatic and the aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are open chain or cyclic compounds. These chains may be plain straight chains and they might be branched chains. Aliphatic compounds lend themselves to as saturated or unsaturated. Aromatic hydrocarbons, on the other hand contain one or more benzene rings in its molecule.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons may be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated hydrocarbons are the simplest type of organic compound consisting of single carbon-carbon bonds. While unsaturated hydrocarbons are those with carbon-carbon multiple bonds, it may be double bonds, triple bonds, or both.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons which have an acyclic carbon atom arrangement; it has no rings of carbon atoms. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane and so forth are some examples of alkanes. Alkanes follow a molecular formula of Cn H2n +2. Cycloalkanes on the other hand are saturated hydrocarbons having a ring-like carbon arrangement. They are named as Cyclomethane, Cyclohexane, and etc. It follows a molecular formula of Cn H2n.
An organic compound may be represented using the structural formula, a two dimensional structural representation that shows the bonding of atoms. By using the expanded structural formula, it shows all atoms and all the bonds which connect the atoms. By Condensed structural formula, a formula in which it uses grouping of atoms, and is written as a group. By using skeletal structural formula, this structural formula shows the arrangement of the carbon atoms only. And last, by using Line-angle structural formula, it is a structural formula represented by lines.
Alkenes are acyclic hydrocarbon that contains carbon-carbon double bonds. It has a molecular formula of Cn H2n which is similar to those of cycloalkanes. This are modified using the –ene ending. While cycloalkenes are the cyclic type of alkenes which contains double bonds within a ring sytem. Its molecular formula is Cn H2n-2. Alkynes on the other hand are an acyclic hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. These are modified having the –yne ending. Its molecular formula is Cn H2n-2 which is similar to the cycloalkenes. Aromatic hydrocarbon is a type of unsaturated hydrocarbon that does not readily undergo addition reactions. Benzene is the simplest form of aromatic compounds, and it has a molecular formula of C6H6.
Ethers are two simple hydrocarbon chains that are separated by an oxygen. Esters are the same except they have a double bonded oxygen on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen separating the two hydrocarbon groups. Ethers tend to be very flammable and have been used as fuel additives, medicine, drugs and industrial solvents. Esters are present in many flavors and odors. here are generally two ways to name most chemical substances, the IUPAC way and the common way.
Also, Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde. If neither is hydrogen, the compound is a ketone. The IUPAC system of nomenclature assigns a characteristic suffix to these classes, al to aldehydes and one to ketones. For example, H2C=O is methanal, more commonly called formaldehyde. Since an aldehyde carbonyl group must always lie at the end of a carbon chain. A ketone carbonyl function may be located anywhere within a chain or ring, and its position is given by a locator number. Chain numbering normally starts from the end nearest the carbonyl group. In cyclic ketones the carbonyl group is assigned position one, and this number is not cited in the name, unless more than one carbonyl group is present.
Last but not the least, is the Alcohol. "Alcohol" is a generic name for large group of organic chemical compounds. There are many types of alcohols. They all are derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replace by a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. The hydroxyl group imparts particular properties to the radical to which it is attached. Alcohols are named according to the radical to which the –OH group is attached. For example if the –OH group is attached to the methyl radical CH3 so that the compound is CH3OH, then one has methyl alcohol. If it is attached to the ethyl (C2H5) radical then one has ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH) - the alcohol we consume in beverages. The general formula for alcohol is ROH, where R signifies a hydrocarbon radical attached to an -OH group.
As you can see, the foundation of these amazing groups and classifications lies on the 6th element, its backbone, the CARBON. All of which we use, we see, we smell, and etc. is mainly composed of these, and we call them organic compounds. From the toothpaste we use, to the food we eat and even the DNA that we comprise responsible for our heredity.
By: Ian Christopher S. Lucas
The general answer for this question is Organic Chemistry. Organic Chemistry is the study of the properties, structure, composition, and reaction of carbon based compounds, hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives. Organic compounds are formed by covalent bonding. Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen, although there are some elements that are involved, it is the carbon-hydrogen bonds that are the basis of organic compounds.
You can easily identify organic compounds because they show off properties which will be discussed in this paragraph. First, Organic compounds are generally hydrophobic, this means that almost all of the organic compounds does not mix or dissolves in water or polar solvents. They are easily dissolved in non-polar solvent. An example is moth ball. Moth balls do not dissolve in water but they dissolve in non-polar solvent (e.g. acetone.) Second, organic compounds typically melt, or react with fire, and they have low boiling points. For example we have sugar and table salt. Sugar is an organic compound and table salt is an inorganic compound. If both have contact with heat, sugar will easily be melted first than table salt and sugar reacted with fire forming a black substance.
There are groups in Organic chemistry. First we have the Hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons consist of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. They all contain a carbon backbone, and are called the carbon skeleton. Second are the hydrocarbon derivative, just like hydrocarbons it contains carbon and hydrogen atoms, but there are additional elements, Cl, F, Br, and etc are examples of the elements which are attached to the hydrocarbons. Under the hydrocarbons we have the Aliphatic and the aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are open chain or cyclic compounds. These chains may be plain straight chains and they might be branched chains. Aliphatic compounds lend themselves to as saturated or unsaturated. Aromatic hydrocarbons, on the other hand contain one or more benzene rings in its molecule.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons may be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated hydrocarbons are the simplest type of organic compound consisting of single carbon-carbon bonds. While unsaturated hydrocarbons are those with carbon-carbon multiple bonds, it may be double bonds, triple bonds, or both.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons which have an acyclic carbon atom arrangement; it has no rings of carbon atoms. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane and so forth are some examples of alkanes. Alkanes follow a molecular formula of Cn H2n +2. Cycloalkanes on the other hand are saturated hydrocarbons having a ring-like carbon arrangement. They are named as Cyclomethane, Cyclohexane, and etc. It follows a molecular formula of Cn H2n.
An organic compound may be represented using the structural formula, a two dimensional structural representation that shows the bonding of atoms. By using the expanded structural formula, it shows all atoms and all the bonds which connect the atoms. By Condensed structural formula, a formula in which it uses grouping of atoms, and is written as a group. By using skeletal structural formula, this structural formula shows the arrangement of the carbon atoms only. And last, by using Line-angle structural formula, it is a structural formula represented by lines.
Alkenes are acyclic hydrocarbon that contains carbon-carbon double bonds. It has a molecular formula of Cn H2n which is similar to those of cycloalkanes. This are modified using the –ene ending. While cycloalkenes are the cyclic type of alkenes which contains double bonds within a ring sytem. Its molecular formula is Cn H2n-2. Alkynes on the other hand are an acyclic hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. These are modified having the –yne ending. Its molecular formula is Cn H2n-2 which is similar to the cycloalkenes. Aromatic hydrocarbon is a type of unsaturated hydrocarbon that does not readily undergo addition reactions. Benzene is the simplest form of aromatic compounds, and it has a molecular formula of C6H6.
Ethers are two simple hydrocarbon chains that are separated by an oxygen. Esters are the same except they have a double bonded oxygen on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen separating the two hydrocarbon groups. Ethers tend to be very flammable and have been used as fuel additives, medicine, drugs and industrial solvents. Esters are present in many flavors and odors. here are generally two ways to name most chemical substances, the IUPAC way and the common way.
Also, Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde. If neither is hydrogen, the compound is a ketone. The IUPAC system of nomenclature assigns a characteristic suffix to these classes, al to aldehydes and one to ketones. For example, H2C=O is methanal, more commonly called formaldehyde. Since an aldehyde carbonyl group must always lie at the end of a carbon chain. A ketone carbonyl function may be located anywhere within a chain or ring, and its position is given by a locator number. Chain numbering normally starts from the end nearest the carbonyl group. In cyclic ketones the carbonyl group is assigned position one, and this number is not cited in the name, unless more than one carbonyl group is present.
Last but not the least, is the Alcohol. "Alcohol" is a generic name for large group of organic chemical compounds. There are many types of alcohols. They all are derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replace by a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. The hydroxyl group imparts particular properties to the radical to which it is attached. Alcohols are named according to the radical to which the –OH group is attached. For example if the –OH group is attached to the methyl radical CH3 so that the compound is CH3OH, then one has methyl alcohol. If it is attached to the ethyl (C2H5) radical then one has ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH) - the alcohol we consume in beverages. The general formula for alcohol is ROH, where R signifies a hydrocarbon radical attached to an -OH group.
As you can see, the foundation of these amazing groups and classifications lies on the 6th element, its backbone, the CARBON. All of which we use, we see, we smell, and etc. is mainly composed of these, and we call them organic compounds. From the toothpaste we use, to the food we eat and even the DNA that we comprise responsible for our heredity.
By: Ian Christopher S. Lucas
Back-to-Back Duo
In Organic Chemistry there is also a “Back-to-Back Duo” known as the alkenes and alkynes. Each of them has different rules to follow for their individual nomenclatures.
First, alkenes, they are class of Hydrocarbons which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Alkenes are aliphatic hydrocarbons with at least one double bond between carbons. They have the general chemical formula CnH2n. The “-ene” means a double bond is present. The physical properties of alkenes are they are insoluble in water and their densities are lower than water.
Alkenes have other forms which are called Cycloalkenes. They are cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds withon the ring system. They have the formula CnH2n-2.
For the nomenclature of alkenes and cycloalkenes, replace the alkane suffix –ane with the suffix –ene, which is used to indicate the presence of carbon-carbon double bond. Select as the parent carbon chain the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains both carbon atoms of the double bond.
Example: root = propane - drop "ane" = "prop"
alkene = "prop" + alkene ending = "ene" = propene
Number the parent carbon chain beginning at the end nearest the double bond. If the double bond is equidistant from both ends of the parent chain, begin numbering from the end closer to a substituent.
Then, give the position of the double bond in the chains as a single number, which is the lowered-numbered carbon atom participating in the double bond. This number is placed immediately before the name of the parent carbon chain. Use the suffixes –diene, -triene, -tetraene and so on when more than one double bond is present in the molecule. A separate number must be used to locate each double bond.
Do not use a number to locate the double bond in unsubstituted cycloalkenes with only one double bond because that bond is assumed to be between carbons 1 and 2. In substituted cycloalkenes with one double bond, the double-bonded carbon atoms are numbered 1 and 2 in the direction that gives the first-encountered sustituents the lower number. Again, no number is used in the name to locate the double bond.
Some naturally occurring alkenes are Pheromone which is a compound used by the insects to transmit messages to other members of the same species, and the Terpenes which is an organic compound whose carbon skeleton is composed at two or five carbon isoprene structural units.
Next, alkynes, they are class of Hydrocarbons which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Alkynes are aliphatic hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond between carbons. They have the general chemical formula CnH2n-2. The “-yne” means a triple bond is present.
Example: root = propane - drop "ane" = "prop"
alkyne = "prop" + alkyne ending = "yne" = propyne
Their physical properties are insoluble in water in organic solvents, they have densities less than that of water and they have boiling point that increase with molecular mass.
For alkynes’ nomenclature, the –yne suffix indicates an alkyne or cycloalkyne. The longest chain chosen for the root name include both carbon atoms of the triple bond. The root chain must be numbered from the end nearest a triple bond carbon atom. If the triple bond is in the center of the chain, the nearest substituent rule is used to determine the end where numbering starts.
The smaller of the number designating the carbon atoms of the triple bond is used as the triple bond locator. If several multiple bonds are present, each must be assigned a locator number. Double bonds precede double bonds in the IUPAC name, but the chain is numbered from the end nearest a multiple bond.
Because the triple bond is linear, it can only be accommodated in rings larger than ten carbons. In simple cycloalkynes the triple bond carbons are assigned ring locations number one and two. Which of the two is number one may be determined by the rule.
That’s the alkenes and alkynes, even though they seems the same but they do differ from each other so don’t be confused. Organic Chemistry is very broad but when you can familiarize yourself in its parts and topics it will be fun and enjoyable.
Reference:
· http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene
· http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/503alkenes.html
By: Joanna M. Mayo
First, alkenes, they are class of Hydrocarbons which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Alkenes are aliphatic hydrocarbons with at least one double bond between carbons. They have the general chemical formula CnH2n. The “-ene” means a double bond is present. The physical properties of alkenes are they are insoluble in water and their densities are lower than water.
Alkenes have other forms which are called Cycloalkenes. They are cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds withon the ring system. They have the formula CnH2n-2.
For the nomenclature of alkenes and cycloalkenes, replace the alkane suffix –ane with the suffix –ene, which is used to indicate the presence of carbon-carbon double bond. Select as the parent carbon chain the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains both carbon atoms of the double bond.
Example: root = propane - drop "ane" = "prop"
alkene = "prop" + alkene ending = "ene" = propene
Number the parent carbon chain beginning at the end nearest the double bond. If the double bond is equidistant from both ends of the parent chain, begin numbering from the end closer to a substituent.
Then, give the position of the double bond in the chains as a single number, which is the lowered-numbered carbon atom participating in the double bond. This number is placed immediately before the name of the parent carbon chain. Use the suffixes –diene, -triene, -tetraene and so on when more than one double bond is present in the molecule. A separate number must be used to locate each double bond.
Do not use a number to locate the double bond in unsubstituted cycloalkenes with only one double bond because that bond is assumed to be between carbons 1 and 2. In substituted cycloalkenes with one double bond, the double-bonded carbon atoms are numbered 1 and 2 in the direction that gives the first-encountered sustituents the lower number. Again, no number is used in the name to locate the double bond.
Some naturally occurring alkenes are Pheromone which is a compound used by the insects to transmit messages to other members of the same species, and the Terpenes which is an organic compound whose carbon skeleton is composed at two or five carbon isoprene structural units.
Next, alkynes, they are class of Hydrocarbons which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Alkynes are aliphatic hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond between carbons. They have the general chemical formula CnH2n-2. The “-yne” means a triple bond is present.
Example: root = propane - drop "ane" = "prop"
alkyne = "prop" + alkyne ending = "yne" = propyne
Their physical properties are insoluble in water in organic solvents, they have densities less than that of water and they have boiling point that increase with molecular mass.
For alkynes’ nomenclature, the –yne suffix indicates an alkyne or cycloalkyne. The longest chain chosen for the root name include both carbon atoms of the triple bond. The root chain must be numbered from the end nearest a triple bond carbon atom. If the triple bond is in the center of the chain, the nearest substituent rule is used to determine the end where numbering starts.
The smaller of the number designating the carbon atoms of the triple bond is used as the triple bond locator. If several multiple bonds are present, each must be assigned a locator number. Double bonds precede double bonds in the IUPAC name, but the chain is numbered from the end nearest a multiple bond.
Because the triple bond is linear, it can only be accommodated in rings larger than ten carbons. In simple cycloalkynes the triple bond carbons are assigned ring locations number one and two. Which of the two is number one may be determined by the rule.
That’s the alkenes and alkynes, even though they seems the same but they do differ from each other so don’t be confused. Organic Chemistry is very broad but when you can familiarize yourself in its parts and topics it will be fun and enjoyable.
Reference:
· http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene
· http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/503alkenes.html
By: Joanna M. Mayo
ETHERS
Ethers are organic compounds with two alkyl groups bonded to an oxygen atom. Its general formula is R–O–R' where the symbols R and R’ represent organic radicals, usually carbon chains. Ethers are similar in structure to alcohols, the only difference is in an alcohol, one hydrogen atom is replaced by an alkyl group. While in an ether, both hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups.
Naming Ethers
There are two ways in naming ethers; the Common name and the IUPAC name.
Simple ethers are named by naming the alkyl groups in alphabetical order and adding the word "ether" to the end. In more complicated ethers, the ether group is named as an alkoxy substituent, in which the "yl" ending of alkyl groups is replaced by "oxy."
So in common nomenclature, first, we must recognize if the compound is an ether. Second, identify the two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen atom and write them in alphabetical order. Lastly, put ‘ether’ in the end of the name of the two alkyl groups. And that’s how easy we name an ether using the common name.
While in the IUPAC nomenclature, first, we must identify the longest carbon chain placed on the opposite side of the oxygen atom. Then write the shorter carbon chain with the suffix –oxy. And just use the format alkoxy alkane and there you have their IUPAC name.
Examples
diethyl ether
ethoxyethane
methyl propyl ether
methoxypropane
butyl ethyl ether
ethoxybutane
pentyl propyl ether
propoxypentane
By: Rhea Ciarina B. Ramos
Naming Ethers
There are two ways in naming ethers; the Common name and the IUPAC name.
Simple ethers are named by naming the alkyl groups in alphabetical order and adding the word "ether" to the end. In more complicated ethers, the ether group is named as an alkoxy substituent, in which the "yl" ending of alkyl groups is replaced by "oxy."
So in common nomenclature, first, we must recognize if the compound is an ether. Second, identify the two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen atom and write them in alphabetical order. Lastly, put ‘ether’ in the end of the name of the two alkyl groups. And that’s how easy we name an ether using the common name.
While in the IUPAC nomenclature, first, we must identify the longest carbon chain placed on the opposite side of the oxygen atom. Then write the shorter carbon chain with the suffix –oxy. And just use the format alkoxy alkane and there you have their IUPAC name.
Examples
- CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3
diethyl ether
ethoxyethane
- CH3-O-CH2-CH2-CH3
methyl propyl ether
methoxypropane
- CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH3
butyl ethyl ether
ethoxybutane
- CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
pentyl propyl ether
propoxypentane
By: Rhea Ciarina B. Ramos
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
The term 'aromatic' was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and was derived from the fact that many of the compounds have a sweet scent.
Aromatic compounds, also known as arenes or aromatics, are chemical compounds that contain conjugated planar ring systems with delocalized pi electron clouds instead of discrete alternating single and double bonds. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible such hydrocarbon, benzene.
Benzene, C6H6, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and was recognized as the first aromatic hydrocarbon, with the nature of its bonding first being recognized by Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz in the 19th century. Each carbon atom in the hexagonal cycle has four electrons to share. One goes to the hydrogen atom, and one each to the two neighboring carbons. This leaves one to share with one of its two neighboring carbon atoms, which is why the benzene molecule is drawn with alternating single and double bonds around the hexagon.
But since aromatic compounds have been known since antiquity, many of these compounds have common names. Examples of the most common names are toluene, phenol, aniline, benzonitrile, acetophenone, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid etc.
Benzene has also derivatives and they are mono-substituted, di-substituted, and poly-substituted benzene compound.
If the substituent contains six-carbons or fewer, then the compound is named as a substituted benzene compound and said to be a mono-substituted benzene derivative. It is also named by analogy with other hydrocarbons – with benzene as the parent name.
The di-substituted benzene derivatives are named using the ortho, meta and para conventions.
Benzene derivatives with more than two substituents are named by numbering the position of each substituent, it is said to be a poly substituted benzene compound.
And that’s all for the aromatic compounds.
By: Abegail Anne G. Reyes
Aromatic compounds, also known as arenes or aromatics, are chemical compounds that contain conjugated planar ring systems with delocalized pi electron clouds instead of discrete alternating single and double bonds. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible such hydrocarbon, benzene.
Benzene, C6H6, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and was recognized as the first aromatic hydrocarbon, with the nature of its bonding first being recognized by Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz in the 19th century. Each carbon atom in the hexagonal cycle has four electrons to share. One goes to the hydrogen atom, and one each to the two neighboring carbons. This leaves one to share with one of its two neighboring carbon atoms, which is why the benzene molecule is drawn with alternating single and double bonds around the hexagon.
But since aromatic compounds have been known since antiquity, many of these compounds have common names. Examples of the most common names are toluene, phenol, aniline, benzonitrile, acetophenone, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid etc.
Benzene has also derivatives and they are mono-substituted, di-substituted, and poly-substituted benzene compound.
If the substituent contains six-carbons or fewer, then the compound is named as a substituted benzene compound and said to be a mono-substituted benzene derivative. It is also named by analogy with other hydrocarbons – with benzene as the parent name.
The di-substituted benzene derivatives are named using the ortho, meta and para conventions.
Benzene derivatives with more than two substituents are named by numbering the position of each substituent, it is said to be a poly substituted benzene compound.
And that’s all for the aromatic compounds.
By: Abegail Anne G. Reyes
Alcohols
All alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group, -O-H, attached to single bonded hydrocarbons (alkanes). Alcohols have the general formula R-OH where R represents any alkyl group.
The four most common alcohols are:
CH3OH
methanol
CH3CH2OH
ethanol
CH3CH2CH2OH
1-propanol
OH
|
CH3CHCH3
2-propanol
Alcohols use the same formats as alkanes. To name alcohols,
H
|
H H H-C-H H
| | | |
H- C-C---C---C-H
| | | |
H O H H
|
H
Parent chain: butane
-OH group location: 2
Substituent locations: 3-methyl
Alkane name: 3-methylbutane
Alcohol name: 3-methyl-2-butanol
Alchohols containing more than one hydroxyl group are also called polyalcohols. Polyalcohols are named similarly to alcohols, with the exception of the prefix di-, tri-, etc before the -ol ending.
By: Jillian Carlo N. Gervacio
The four most common alcohols are:
CH3OH
methanol
CH3CH2OH
ethanol
CH3CH2CH2OH
1-propanol
OH
|
CH3CHCH3
2-propanol
Alcohols use the same formats as alkanes. To name alcohols,
- Determine the parent chain. The parent chain must be the longest that includes the carbon holding the OH group.
- Number according to the end closest to the -OH group regardless of where alkyl substituents are.
- The format is as follows: (location of branch)-(branch name)-(location of OH group)-(parent chain)
- Change the parent chain -e ending and replace it with an -ol.
H
|
H H H-C-H H
| | | |
H- C-C---C---C-H
| | | |
H O H H
|
H
Parent chain: butane
-OH group location: 2
Substituent locations: 3-methyl
Alkane name: 3-methylbutane
Alcohol name: 3-methyl-2-butanol
Alchohols containing more than one hydroxyl group are also called polyalcohols. Polyalcohols are named similarly to alcohols, with the exception of the prefix di-, tri-, etc before the -ol ending.
By: Jillian Carlo N. Gervacio
Ketones
Can you give the name of the organic compound shown below and identify its functional group?
Clue: It is an industrial solvent and the one used to remove nail polish.
If you have answered ACETONE, you’re definitely correct. How about the functional group?
If your not familiar about the it’s functional group, your in the right article to have a further knowledge about it. So now, I want you to warmly meet KETONE!!!
KETONE
In chemistry, a ketone is an organic compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones feature a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. The word ketone derives its name from Aketon, an old German word for acetone.
Ketones are represented as:
According to the rules of IUPAC nomenclature, ketones are named by changing the suffix -ane of the parent alkane to -anone.
EXAMPLES of other KETONES with comlex structures:
Representative ketones, from the left: ACETONE, a common solvent; OXALOACETATE, an intermediate in the metabolism of sugars; ACETYLACETONE in its (mono) enol form (the enol highlighted in blue); CYCLOHEXANONE, precursor to Nylon; MUSCONE, an animal scent; and TETRACYCLINE, an antibiotic.
MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT KETONES:
The ketone carbon is often described as "sp2 hybridized," a description that includes both their electronic and molecular structure. Ketones are trigonal planar around the ketonic carbon, with C-C-O and C-C-C bond angles of approximately 120°. Ketones are also distinct from other carbonyl-containing functional groups, such as carboxylic acids, esters and amides.
KETONES IN YOUR BODIES?
Ketones are substances that are made when the body breaks down fat for energy. Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from carbohydrate in your diet. But stored fat is broken down and ketones are made if your diet does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the body with sugar (glucose) for energy or if your body can't use blood sugar (glucose) properly. Ketones build up when the body needs to break down fats and fatty acids to use as fuel. This is most likely to occur when the body does not get enough sugar or carbohydrates. A urine test can be done to check the level of ketones in your body. A ketone test checks for ketones in your blood or urine.
DIABETES AND KETONES:
The presence of high levels of ketones in the bloodstream is a common complication of diabetes, which if left untreated can lead to KETOACIDOSIS. Ketones build up when there is insufficient insulin to help fuel the body’s cells. High levels of ketones are therefore more common in people with type 1 diabetes or people with advanced type 2 diabetes.
RISKS WITH KETONES:
So, my body can’t get enough sugar. Why is this a problem? Sugar is the primary fuel that the body uses for energy. Insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas that metabolises blood sugar, is either deficient or non-existent in the blood of diabetes patients. If the body cannot burn sugar, it will burn stored fat, and ketone build up will begin. When ketone levels become too high, the risk of ketoacidosis is raised, and this emergency condition can lead to coma and death in serious cases.
REFERENCES:
http://www.wikipedia.com
http://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-and-ketones.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003585.htm
By: Lori Anne R. Anda
Clue: It is an industrial solvent and the one used to remove nail polish.
If you have answered ACETONE, you’re definitely correct. How about the functional group?
If your not familiar about the it’s functional group, your in the right article to have a further knowledge about it. So now, I want you to warmly meet KETONE!!!
KETONE
In chemistry, a ketone is an organic compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones feature a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. The word ketone derives its name from Aketon, an old German word for acetone.
Ketones are represented as:
According to the rules of IUPAC nomenclature, ketones are named by changing the suffix -ane of the parent alkane to -anone.
EXAMPLES of other KETONES with comlex structures:
Representative ketones, from the left: ACETONE, a common solvent; OXALOACETATE, an intermediate in the metabolism of sugars; ACETYLACETONE in its (mono) enol form (the enol highlighted in blue); CYCLOHEXANONE, precursor to Nylon; MUSCONE, an animal scent; and TETRACYCLINE, an antibiotic.
MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT KETONES:
The ketone carbon is often described as "sp2 hybridized," a description that includes both their electronic and molecular structure. Ketones are trigonal planar around the ketonic carbon, with C-C-O and C-C-C bond angles of approximately 120°. Ketones are also distinct from other carbonyl-containing functional groups, such as carboxylic acids, esters and amides.
KETONES IN YOUR BODIES?
Ketones are substances that are made when the body breaks down fat for energy. Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from carbohydrate in your diet. But stored fat is broken down and ketones are made if your diet does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the body with sugar (glucose) for energy or if your body can't use blood sugar (glucose) properly. Ketones build up when the body needs to break down fats and fatty acids to use as fuel. This is most likely to occur when the body does not get enough sugar or carbohydrates. A urine test can be done to check the level of ketones in your body. A ketone test checks for ketones in your blood or urine.
DIABETES AND KETONES:
The presence of high levels of ketones in the bloodstream is a common complication of diabetes, which if left untreated can lead to KETOACIDOSIS. Ketones build up when there is insufficient insulin to help fuel the body’s cells. High levels of ketones are therefore more common in people with type 1 diabetes or people with advanced type 2 diabetes.
RISKS WITH KETONES:
So, my body can’t get enough sugar. Why is this a problem? Sugar is the primary fuel that the body uses for energy. Insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas that metabolises blood sugar, is either deficient or non-existent in the blood of diabetes patients. If the body cannot burn sugar, it will burn stored fat, and ketone build up will begin. When ketone levels become too high, the risk of ketoacidosis is raised, and this emergency condition can lead to coma and death in serious cases.
REFERENCES:
http://www.wikipedia.com
http://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-and-ketones.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003585.htm
By: Lori Anne R. Anda
OUT OF CURIOSITY!!!
A long time ago, there was an inquisitive man named Organic Compound who really got puzzled about the difference of aldehydes from ketones. . He really got perplexed some other time with the difference of the other one to the other. Enough reason for him to find an observation and investigate about these. After so many days he finally confirmed that there is the difference between the two.
An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a formyl group. This functional group, with the structure R-CHO, consists of a carbonyl center (a carbon double bonded to oxygen) bonded to hydrogen and an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain. The group without R is called the aldehyde group or formyl group. Aldehydes differ from ketones in that the carbonyl is placed at the end of a carbon skeleton rather than between two carbon atoms. Aldehydes are common in organic chemistry. Many fragrances are aldehydes.
Aldehydes are attractive building blocks due to their ability to easily react with many nucleophiles. Because of their high chemical reactivity, aldehydes are important intermediates for the manufacture of resins, plasticizers, solvents, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Sigma-Aldrich offers an extensive array of compounds containing the aldehyde functional group for use as building blocks in a variety of synthetic procedures. For example, the asymmetric allylation and crotylation of aldehydes and other carbonyl compounds remains one of the most fundamental reactions for the construction of chiral building blocks. The Stetter reaction (conjugate addition of an aldehyde to an α,β-unsaturated compound) is a superb method for the construction of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds bearing quaternary stereocenters.
One thing more, the man is also nosy on how to name the aldehydes so he made some observations and researches again for him to offhand his oddity. He found out the following rules on how to name aldehydes.
Simpler aldehydes keep their common corresponding carboxylic acid names. Carboxylic acids with endings -ic or -oic acid are replaced by aldehyde. Aldehydes take their name from their parent alkane chains. The -e is removed and replaced with -al. The alkane then becomes an alkanal. The -CHO group must be included in the parent chain and numbered as carbon 1. When the -CHO functional group is attached to a ring, it is called a carbaldehyde, and the carbon attached to that group is C1.
He also gave some examples for better understanding. The most common type of aldehydes.
acetaldehyde (ethanal) vanillic aldehyde (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) formaldehyde (methanal)
The most potent and varied odors are aldehydes. Ketones are widely used as industrial solvents. Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. They are often called the formyl or methanol group. Aldehydes derive their name from the dehydration of alcohols.
Now, thanks a lot to Organic Compound because he really help us too much in understanding what aldehyde really is. Hope we are all now familiar with the aldehyde.
THE END.
By: Dannah Lyn R. Antonio
An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a formyl group. This functional group, with the structure R-CHO, consists of a carbonyl center (a carbon double bonded to oxygen) bonded to hydrogen and an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain. The group without R is called the aldehyde group or formyl group. Aldehydes differ from ketones in that the carbonyl is placed at the end of a carbon skeleton rather than between two carbon atoms. Aldehydes are common in organic chemistry. Many fragrances are aldehydes.
Aldehydes are attractive building blocks due to their ability to easily react with many nucleophiles. Because of their high chemical reactivity, aldehydes are important intermediates for the manufacture of resins, plasticizers, solvents, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Sigma-Aldrich offers an extensive array of compounds containing the aldehyde functional group for use as building blocks in a variety of synthetic procedures. For example, the asymmetric allylation and crotylation of aldehydes and other carbonyl compounds remains one of the most fundamental reactions for the construction of chiral building blocks. The Stetter reaction (conjugate addition of an aldehyde to an α,β-unsaturated compound) is a superb method for the construction of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds bearing quaternary stereocenters.
One thing more, the man is also nosy on how to name the aldehydes so he made some observations and researches again for him to offhand his oddity. He found out the following rules on how to name aldehydes.
Simpler aldehydes keep their common corresponding carboxylic acid names. Carboxylic acids with endings -ic or -oic acid are replaced by aldehyde. Aldehydes take their name from their parent alkane chains. The -e is removed and replaced with -al. The alkane then becomes an alkanal. The -CHO group must be included in the parent chain and numbered as carbon 1. When the -CHO functional group is attached to a ring, it is called a carbaldehyde, and the carbon attached to that group is C1.
He also gave some examples for better understanding. The most common type of aldehydes.
acetaldehyde (ethanal) vanillic aldehyde (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) formaldehyde (methanal)
The most potent and varied odors are aldehydes. Ketones are widely used as industrial solvents. Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. They are often called the formyl or methanol group. Aldehydes derive their name from the dehydration of alcohols.
Now, thanks a lot to Organic Compound because he really help us too much in understanding what aldehyde really is. Hope we are all now familiar with the aldehyde.
THE END.
By: Dannah Lyn R. Antonio
CHEMISTRY BLACK – OUT
DOWN
1. Simplest aldehyde
2. Term that applies to either a list of names or terms, or to refer to something that is a term or to the system of principles, procedures and terms related to
naming
3. Methyl attached to a benzene ring
4. Ketones, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, esters and amides all contain this one element that sets them apart
5. Study of carbons and the study of the chemistry of life
7. Saturated hydrocarbon
8. Contains the hydroxyl functional group - OH
9. Simplest aromatic hydrocarbon
11. Nonsystematic name or vernacular name of an organic compound
12. Hydroxyl group connected to a primary carbon atom
15. The dissociation of a molecule into two neutral fragments
ACROSS
1. Collections of atoms in a molecule that participate in characteristic reactions
6. Containing one hydroxyl group
7. Compounds that can either be straight chain structures or cyclic structures
10. 2 hydrocarbons are attached to the carbon bonded with a carbonyl group
13. Molecules with the same molecular formula have bonded together in different orders
14. Hydrogen attached to the carbon bonded with a carbonyl group
16. Aliphatic hydrocarbon with triple bonds
17. Ring formed carbon skeleton
18. Compounds that contain benzene rings
DOWN
1. Formalin
2. Nomenclature
3. Toluene
4. Oxygen
5. Organic Chemistry
7. Alkane
8. Alcohol
9. Benzene
11. Trivial system
12. Primary alcohol
15. Homolytic
ACROSS
1. Functional group
6. Monohydric
7. Aliphatic
10. Ketone
13. Isomer
14. Aldehyde
16. Alkyne
17. Cyclic
18. Aromatic
By: Brea Jaye N. Uy
1. Simplest aldehyde
2. Term that applies to either a list of names or terms, or to refer to something that is a term or to the system of principles, procedures and terms related to
naming
3. Methyl attached to a benzene ring
4. Ketones, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, esters and amides all contain this one element that sets them apart
5. Study of carbons and the study of the chemistry of life
7. Saturated hydrocarbon
8. Contains the hydroxyl functional group - OH
9. Simplest aromatic hydrocarbon
11. Nonsystematic name or vernacular name of an organic compound
12. Hydroxyl group connected to a primary carbon atom
15. The dissociation of a molecule into two neutral fragments
ACROSS
1. Collections of atoms in a molecule that participate in characteristic reactions
6. Containing one hydroxyl group
7. Compounds that can either be straight chain structures or cyclic structures
10. 2 hydrocarbons are attached to the carbon bonded with a carbonyl group
13. Molecules with the same molecular formula have bonded together in different orders
14. Hydrogen attached to the carbon bonded with a carbonyl group
16. Aliphatic hydrocarbon with triple bonds
17. Ring formed carbon skeleton
18. Compounds that contain benzene rings
DOWN
1. Formalin
2. Nomenclature
3. Toluene
4. Oxygen
5. Organic Chemistry
7. Alkane
8. Alcohol
9. Benzene
11. Trivial system
12. Primary alcohol
15. Homolytic
ACROSS
1. Functional group
6. Monohydric
7. Aliphatic
10. Ketone
13. Isomer
14. Aldehyde
16. Alkyne
17. Cyclic
18. Aromatic
By: Brea Jaye N. Uy